Cystitis is a common urinary tract infection which results in inflammation of the bladder. The condition can sometimes get better without medical intervention after a few days and can respond well to drinking plenty of water and taking over the counter painkillers to alleviate pain.

It is usually caused by bacteria from the bowel or the gut getting into the bladder and sometimes needs treatment with medication such as antibiotics.

As cystitis is caused by a bacterial infection there are certain things which might increase the risk of getting it, including:

• Having sex – bacteria from the vagina or back passage may enter the urethra.
• Having a weakened immune system.
• Menopause – low levels of oestrogen can make the walls of the urethra thinner.
• Pregnancy – hormones and being unable to empty the bladder fully may make infection more prevalent.
• Having a catheter fitted.
• Conditions that affect the urinary tract and how it functions.

Symptoms

Typical symptoms may include fatigue and feeling generally unwell, a high temperature or being physically sick. More specific symptoms might include a burning sensation when passing urine, needing to go to the toilet for a wee more regularly, dark or strong-smelling urine, and pain in the lower abdomen.

When to seek help

If your symptoms persist after a few days and you notice blood in your urine, are feeling very unwell with a high temperature and pain or vomiting, are pregnant or have another chronic illness that affects your immune system, it’s important that you make an appointment with your GP.

After taking a medical history your GP will often be able to diagnose cystitis without further tests but, on occasion and if necessary, they may send a sample of your urine to the laboratory for further tests. Other tests might include an ultrasound scan or cystoscopy, especially if the problem keeps reoccurring.

Treatment

If the symptoms don’t clear up on their own after a few days, your GP might prescribe a course of antibiotics and you should start to feel better within a couple of days.

It is important to finish the course of treatment as prescribed, even if your symptoms clear up. If cystitis recurs or doesn’t clear up as expected, your GP may refer you to a urologist for further investigations.

Prevention

Although there is limited evidence for the following suggestions, many people report that they do help and may decrease the risk of the infection reoccurring.

• Drink plenty of fluids to help maintain hydration.
• Wear underwear that is made from natural materials such as linen or cotton.
• Always pee as soon as you feel the need to go.
• Wipe from front to back after emptying your bowels.
• Go for a pee as soon as you can after having sex.
• If you have been through the menopause, explore using oestrogen replacement vaginal creams or gels.

If you are concerned about any symptoms, talk to your GP or local pharmacist who may be able to offer advice and support.