45 million people across the world are affected by degenerative disorders, the majority in the aging population. Degeneration occurs when the brain cells and tissue deteriorate, leading to the breakdown of connections between neurones (brain cells). Without these connections the cells die, and this causes loss of functioning in various parts of the body, and changes to behaviour.

Examples of these disorders include Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease as well as numerous others

A gradual decline of motor skills
Parkinson’s disease mainly affects people over 50, and is more commonly seen in men. It can be difficult to diagnose, but can be identified by a gradual decline of motor skills (movement) due to a decrease of dopamine – a chemical in the brain. This leads to symptoms such as trembling, stiffness of the limbs, slower movement and impaired balance and co-ordination. It may also affect speech, disrupt sleep, and cause emotional changes such as depression. It is a subtle disease which becomes worse over a long period of time.

Sufferers experience uncontrolled movements such as fidgeting
Huntington’s disease is a hereditary disorder that is passed on through genes, which leads to the degeneration of neurones in certain areas of the brain. This causes the sufferer to experience uncontrolled movements such as fidgeting, loss of balance, difficulty walking, and a decline in cognitive abilities like memory and learning. It can also alter emotional responses such as an increase in anger and depression.

Affecting 1 in 6 people over 80 years old
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia. It develops over a number of years, affecting 1 in 14 people over 65, and 1 in 6 people over 80 years old. It develops due to damage to the brain – of which the causes are unknown – which shrinks the brain tissue, eventually leading to death. Dementias generally have symptoms such as loss of memory, poor concentration, a change in behaviour or personality, agitation, and decline of abilities in language, decision-making, and recognition of people or places.

These disorders can lead to difficulty doing daily activities
Living with a degenerative disorder may last 10 to 20 years before death, and eventually these disorders can lead to difficulty doing daily activities such as feeding oneself or getting dressed, and getting about independently.

The actual causes of brain degeneration are unknown, but may include genetics, medical reasons such as suffering a stroke, or environmental factors like exposure to chemicals and toxins.

Reading, dancing and learning new things help to keep the brain active
Sadly these diseases are non-reversible and can only be slowed in progression, not prevented. There is no cure at present, but medication can provide relief from some of the physical symptoms. In addition, reading and dancing are said to be helpful in keeping the brain active, as are socialising and learning new things.

If you are concerned about yourself or another, speak to your GP for further information and support.